The present study aimed to provide the best locations for forest fire fighting stations in the Sardasht forests located in the northwest of Iran. For this purpose, site selection map for construction of firefighting station was prepared using five factors consist of proximities to river, to road, to former fires, to forest edge and to residential areas. In order to extract the weight of the selected criteria in locating suitable areas, each criterion was compared in a pairwise manner using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the weight of each criterion was obtained using the Expert Choice ver. 11 software. Results showed that proximity to road with 24 percent of importance had the highest weight among the selected criteria for locating the forest fire fighting stations. After providing weighted maps of criteria and their integration and applying land use restriction layer map, final site selection map was created. Preliminary results of this study made this point that the proposed zones cover about 29 percent of the study area, with good conditions required for construction of fire station. After excluding the small zones with an area less than 5 ha, one of the most suitable zones was proposed as the best location for construction of fire station. Furthermore, the validation of proposed zone and station location was carried out using a previously developed fire risk map with consideration of 10 km action radius surrounding the station. The selected zone covers about 97. 81 percent of susceptible regions from high to very high classes regarding the forest fire hazard.

Background: Firefighters for difficult activities and rescue of damaged people must be in appropriatephysical ability. Maximal oxygen capacity is an indicator for diagnosis of physical ability of workers.This study aimed to assess the cardiorespiratory system and its related factors in firefighters.Methods: This study was conducted on 110 firefighters from various stations. An self-administeredquestionnaire (respiratory disorders questionnaire, Tuxworth‑Shahnavaz step test, and pulmonaryfunction test) was used to collection of required data. Average of humidity and temperature was 52%and 17°C, respectively. Background average noise levels were between 55 and 65 dB. Data wereanalyzed using SPSS software (version 19).Results: The mean age of the study participants was32 ± 6.2 years. The means of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were 92% ±9.4%, 87% ±9.2%, and 80% ±6.1%, respectively. The participants’ meanVO2‑max was 2.79 ± 0.29 L/min or 37.34 ± 4.27 ml/kg body weight per minute. The results revealedthat weight has a direct association with vital capacity (VC), FVC, and peak expiratory flow. Inaddition, height was directly associated with VC, FVC, and VO2‑max (P<0.05). However, therewas an inverse and significant association between height and FEV1/FVC (r=−0.23, P<0.05).Height, weight, body mass index, and waist circumference were directly associated with VO2‑max.Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the amount of maximum oxygen consumptionis close with the proposed range of this parameter among firefighters in other studies. Furthermore, the results of the study revealed that individuals had normal amounts of lung volume index. Thisissue can be attributed to the appropriate usage of respiratory masks.

AIMS: In many jobs, people must use protective clothes to avoid physical, chemical and environmental damages. Such clothes should cause the minimal physiological, mental and organic limitations on the body, beside their protective features. The aim of this study is to compare the Fire-fighting protective clothes with usual work clothes, in terms of their effects on aerobic capacity of the subjects.METHODS: This is an experimental study, in which 30 healthy male participants were chosen according to inclusion criteria. The physical activity has been done once by wearing fire-fighting protective clothes and the other time by wearing usual work clothes by random, based on Bruce protocol. After the physical activity, parameters such as activity time and the distance were measured. Aerobic capacity was also predicted by setting the activity time in the Bruce formula.RESULTS: Aerobic capacity (VO2max) was 44.25±6.42 ml/kg/min in participants with fire-fighting protective clothes, while it was 57.43±5.34 ml/kg/min for usual work clothes. This difference is statistically significant (p<0.001). These two sets of clothes are different in their effects on parameters such as activity (exhaustion), the distance and VO2max. The obtained values for common clothes are better than fire-fighting protective clothes.CONCLUSION: Fire-fighting protective clothes result in less tolerance time, because the aerobic capacity of these clothes is less than the usual work clothes.

Various events in the country according to the extent and variety of climate, human made dangerous, the gap between urban and rural environments, unfair distribution of services and facilities and lack of hierarchy in the rural community service problems are following the disastrous, One way to increase efficiency and safety factor depends on the villages is identifying, study and proper implementation of new methods to reduce fire risks by building firefighting center and their correct site selecting in the villages, In this study the village of Tahergurab from central city of Some Sara of Gilan province, with the aim of performance measurement and improvement of the existing firefighting station service hierarchy model and determining optimal location of rural firefighting stations, the defined area by using documents and field and analytical methods - descriptive and quantitative methods were studied.Accordingly Tahergurab village with large population (1317 persons) and the minimum total distance (102.9 km) compared to other villages, there most types of services in total institutions based on Gatman method (29 units) and having the highest centrality values (2.81), is the appropriate location for construction and development of firefighting center. Also, based on the SWOT model, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the firefighting station according to different environmental aspects-ecological, economic, administrative review and ultimately a comprehensive safety and fire model is presented.The result suggests a positive and effective role in dealing with incidents of this firefighting station, especially, fire and increase public satisfaction is a function of the firefighting station.

Introduction: Fire water distribution networks consist of interconnected sets of reservoirs, pipes, pumps, hydrants, hose reels and valves that are responsible for the transfer and distribution of water with suitable pressure and quality for firefighting demands. Hydraulic simulation of conveyance lines and fire-fighting distribution networks are considered appropriate tools for their assessment. In this research, Ilam gas refinery fire water network (middle ring) was evaluated using field studies and hydraulic simulation software. Methodology: Ilam gas refinery fire water network is divided into upper, middle and bottom rings. Each rings of the network are responsible for the one part of the refinery area. The maximum and minimum diameter of the distribution pipes is 14 inches and 6 inches, respectively. Polyethylene pipes have a working pressure of 16 bars. The maximum allowable velocity in the pipes is 3. 5 m /s. At the refinery site, several centrifugal pumps have been used to supply pressure during firefighting, maintaining a pressure of 10 bar in the main ring. The total number of hydrants, shut-off valves and hose reels are 170, 147 and 76, respectively. WaterGEMS hydraulic software was used to simulate Ilam gas refinery fire water network. Results and discussion: Different fire scenarios were carried out to investigate the operation of fire-fighting network. The most critical scenario was the fires in floating roof tanks; with a flow rate of 1375 m3/h. Hydraulic simulation of the water conveyance pipeline from the main reservoir to the middle ring reservoir were carried out in four modes of gate valve operation. Field investigation showed that 20 percent of hydrants have problems and leaks. Field inspection of the cooling system operation of floating roof tanks was carried out with the activation of one and two electric pumps. The measured pressure gauge at the pumping station with one and two pumps is 11 and 12 bars, and these pressures are higher than 10 bar allowable pressure. The field inspection of tanks foam system was performed with the one of a diesel pump. The pressure gauge showed 12 bars at the middle-pumping station, which could cause a failure of the ring equipment. Conclusion: In this research, the middle ring of the fire water network of Ilam gas refinery was tested and evaluated using the WaterGEMS hydraulic simulation software. Different scenarios related to this ring, which included the simultaneous operation of several hydrants and deluge valve in different areas, were simulated. Sensitivity analysis was performed on changes in the roughness coefficient of pipes and the required flow rate in the network. With an increase of roughness by 20%, the average pressure in the middle ring decreased by as much as 3. 5%. In the case of increasing the required flow, the pumping pressure and deluge valve pressure drop by 3. 2 and 12. 2%, respectively. The results of the study indicate the proper operation of the firefighting water network, but in some cases the pressure generated at the pumping station is higher than the recommended values in the design, which in the long period could result in inappropriate performance.

Risk analysis serves as a fundamental component for decision-making in pre-event planning aimed at crisis prevention and emergency management. This paper presents a comprehensive risk analysis for two fire station unreinforced masonry buildings as case studies. We conduct both deterministic (DSHA) and non-extensive probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (NEPSHA). The deterministic analysis indicates peak ground accelerations (PGA) of 0.6g and 0.33 at the building sites. The NEPSHA reveals PGA values corresponding to return periods of 10, 475, and 2475 years as 0.033g, 0.43g, and 0.745g, for site 1 and as 0.033g, 0.425g, and 0.761g, for site 2 respectively. Additionally, we establish fragility curves for the existing masonry buildings with median and low code grades. The analysis determines the probabilities of various damage levels at different hazard intensities, and utilizing FEMA's Hazus methodology, we estimate the debris generated. These results indicate that the unreinforced masonry building, despite being equipped with horizontal and vertical tie beams, fails to meet the seismic design requirements. Given the critical role of the fire department building in emergency response during and after an earthquake, further investigation into the building's performance under severe and deterministic (scenario) earthquakes is essential.

Location finding is considered as an NP-Hard problem, in which the complexity and volume of computations due to larger numbers of demand points and service centers are exponentially increased. To overcome such complexities meta-heuristic algorithms are usually used. These methods usually produce answers close enough to the optimum solution in acceptable time. In this research three Meta heuristic algorithms of Tabu Search (TS),Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Simulated Annealing (SA) are used to optimize the location of fire fighting station and allocating urban blocks to them. The mentioned Meta heuristic methods are evaluated and compared with respect to time scale, the value of objective function, number of iteration and coverage of the study area. Different scenarios are developed, based on the number of iterations and the initial population for the genetic method. Similarly, different scenarios are developed for annealing method based on the number of repetitions of the same movements and temperature. The Tabu Search method has the maximum time of computation and minimum value of objective function, among the Meta heuristic methods. In addition, the sites selected by Tabu Search provide the best coverage in the area studied. In simulated annealing method, the solution ideas are produced when the number of iteration is larger than the size of the problem. The achieved results, in second scenario of simulated annealing method, have proved the correctness of this claim. It could be concluded that the simulated annealing method can be a suitable method when quick time results are required. When both quality of solutions and performance are to be considered, the genetic algorithm can be a proper choice. Finally, when there is no time limitation, the Tabu Search can generate the best results.

Lack of emergency equipment’s and facilities to rescue mission crews as well as lack of access in Iran’s rural settlements and the isolation of rural entities with respect to security services have led to many casualties and damages. Taking into consideration the uneconomic nature of fire station location in rural areas, optimum location of decision may result in an increase in efficiency and security of these places. This study aims to assign the appropriate villages for locating fire station in Bookan. This in turn, requires the investigation of present status of villages regarding these security and emergency measures. This demands the application of ANP. The research method is based on descriptive - analytical method. Our community target is all of Bookan villages out of which six villages were selected. This study suggests that the current statuses of these security services are very un-appropriate and do not follow scientific pattern. Moreover, Dashband, Noubar, Gelolan and Javanmard possess high priorities regarding security locational measures as opposed to Sarighamish and Nachit which possess the least priorities.